Types of Arduino boards
Introduction to Arduino Programming
Arduino programming is based on C/C++ language. It is used to control LEDs, sensors, motors, displays and IoT devices.
Every Arduino program contains two main functions:
- setup() → Runs only one time
- loop() → Runs continuously again and again
setup() and loop()
The setup() function is used for initialization.
The loop() function contains the main program logic.
void setup() {
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
Variables in Arduino
Variables are used to store data values.
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| int | Stores integer numbers |
| float | Stores decimal values |
| char | Stores single character |
| String | Stores text |
| bool | Stores true or false |
int ledPin = 2; float temperature = 25.5; char grade = 'A'; String name = "ESP32"; bool state = true;
Data Types
Data types define the type of value stored in a variable.
- int → Whole numbers
- float → Decimal numbers
- char → Single characters
- String → Text data
- bool → True/False values
Conditional Statements
Conditions are used for decision making.
Common Conditions:
if, else, else if
int temp = 35;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if(temp > 30){
Serial.println("Temperature High");
}
else{
Serial.println("Temperature Normal");
}
delay(1000);
}
Loops in Arduino
Loops are used to repeat tasks multiple times.
- for loop
- while loop
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
for(int i=1; i<=5; i++){
Serial.println(i);
}
delay(2000);
}
Functions in Arduino
Functions are reusable blocks of code.
They help make programs cleaner and easier to understand.
void blinkLED(){
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
delay(500);
}
void setup(){
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
blinkLED();
}
Serial Monitor
Serial Monitor is used to display output messages and sensor values.
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
Serial.println("Hello Arduino");
delay(1000);
}
Open Serial Monitor from:Tools > Serial Monitor
Important Arduino Functions
| Function | Purpose |
|---|---|
| pinMode() | Set pin as INPUT or OUTPUT |
| digitalWrite() | Write HIGH or LOW |
| digitalRead() | Read digital input |
| analogRead() | Read analog sensor value |
| delay() | Pause program execution |
| Serial.println() | Print output on serial monitor |